I descale, if there's any flakey rust, and apply (usually 2 parts acid, 1 part Klean Strip: Concrete and metal prep -found @homedepot) and let it sit for as long as it takes to see the blackening or whitening of the rusted areas. I apply it with a spray bottle but some people use a brush. Then I power wash the areas with water. Some people use soap and water but I believe water is just fine. My thinking is the residue helps to protect the metal. For my frame, I prefer to just apply lanolin based protection. If its a bumper or accessory, (I painted a rusty spare tire delete plate) I'll prime and paint it with Rustoleum.
So far, one year with salt and snow exposure and I haven't seen a single bubble or compromise to the paint of said tailgate plate. But I also rinse the salt and crude off my Jeep shortly after roads are clear of snow and slush. I believe that helps a lot and goes a long way at protecting painted surfaces.